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Many other Scientologist-run organizations and companies come from the umbrella organization World Institute of Scientology Enterprises (WISE), which licenses the use of Hubbard's management teachings, and flows directory sites of WISE-affiliated businesses. WISE requires those who wish to become Hubbard management seeks advice from to finish training in Hubbard's administrative systems; this training can be undertaken at any Church of Scientology, or at one of the campuses of the Hubbard College of Administration, which uses a Partner of Applied Science Degree.
This area needs growth. You can help by contributing to it. In order to help with the ongoing expansion of Scientology, the Church has actually made efforts to win allies in the form of effective or reputable people. Scientology. Though it has attained some reliability as a faith in numerous countries, Scientology has also been explained as both a cult and a company.
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For instance, it has been kept in mind to engage in harassment and abuse of civil courts to silence its critics, by recognizing as Fair Game individuals it perceives as its opponents. In 1979, a number of Scientology members were convicted for their participation in the church's Operation Snow White, the largest theft of federal government documents in U.S.
Scientologists were likewise convicted of scams, manslaughter and damaging witnesses in French cases, harmful libel against attorney Casey Hill and espionage in Canada. In his book World Religions in America, spiritual scholar Jacob Neusner states that Scientology's "high level of visibility" might be perceived as "threatening to developed social organizations".
From 1952 until 1966, Scientology was administered by a company called the Hubbard Association of Scientologists (HAS), developed in Arizona on September 10, 1952. In 1954, the HAS became the HASI (HAS International). The Church of Scientology was incorporated in California on February 18, 1954, altering its name to "The Church of Scientology of California" (CSC) in 1956.
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In 1967, the Internal Revenue Service stripped all US-based Scientology entities of their tax exemption, declaring Scientology's activities were industrial and operated for the advantage of Hubbard. Controversy followed the church on those years, however its growth continued in the 1960s. New churches were formed in Paris (1959 ), Denmark (1968 ), Sweden (1969 ), and Germany (1970 ).
Centers of Scientology remained in 52 countries by the time the 80s can be found in and grew to 74 by 1992. The church took legal action against and lost repeatedly for 26 years attempting to regain its tax-exempt status. The case was ultimately settled in 1993, at which time the church paid $12. 5 million to the IRSgreatly less than IRS had actually at first demandedand the Internal Revenue Service acknowledged the church as a tax-exempt nonprofit company.
Scientology mentions its tax exemption as proof the United States federal government accepts it as a religious beliefs. In January 2009, removal of the tax exemption was rated as number 9 in products for the incoming Barack Obama administration to examine, as identified in a web survey run by the presidential shift group getting public input for the inbound administration.
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Ron Hubbard designated Mary Sue Hubbard to take control of specific aspects of legal protection for the CoS in 1968 and the Office of The Guardian was developed with its head workplace located at Saint Hill Manor - Scientology. Under The Guardian's Workplace (later renamed the Workplace of Unique Affairs or OSA), Church members and contracted staff from Bureau One later organized and committed among the biggest penetration of United States federal companies ever perpetrated by a company not affiliated with a foreign government (that is, one such as the KGB).
In the trial which followed the discovery of these activities the prosecution explained their actions as such: The crime committed by these defendants is of a breadth and scope formerly unprecedented. No building, office, desk, or file was safe from their snooping and spying. No person or company was totally free from their despicable conspiratorial minds.
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The Church has likewise in the past used aggressive tactics in resolving those it views as attempting to reduce them, called Suppressive Individuals (SPs) first laid out by Hubbard as part of a policy called level playing field. Church of Scientology Perth. It was under this policy that Paulette Cooper was targeted for having actually authored, a 1970 expos book about the Church and its founder.
Utilizing blank paper known to have been dealt with by Cooper, Scientologists forged bomb dangers in her name. When finger prints on them matched hers, use this link the Justice Department started prosecution, which could have sent out Cooper to prison for a prolonged term. The Church's strategy was found at the exact same time as its Operation Snow White actions were revealed.